An inversion traps the smoke close to the ground, allowing particle pollution levels to increase before the inversion lifts. Figure 4. Sometimes a layer of cooler air is trapped near the ground by a layer of warmer air above. This is called an inversion and can last all day, or even for several days. When the air cannot rise, pollution at the surface also is trapped and can accumulate, leading to higher concentrations of ozone and particle pollution. A variety of conditions can cause inversions to form.
The most common is a nighttime inversion, in which clear skies allow air at the surface to cool faster than the air above. This situation is exacerbated by complex terrain. Inversions are more likely to occur in valleys where pollution is trapped both vertically by the warmer air above and horizontally by the valley walls.
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Search this site Search all sites Search. Go to whole of WA Government Search. Open search bar Open navigation Submit search. Safety and first aid. Facebook Youtube Twitter. Home Safety and first aid Health effects of dust. Health effects of dust What is dust? Dust is a common air pollutant generated by many different sources and activities. Definitions Pollutant — a substance that has been introduced to the environment and has undesired or negative effects. Where does dust come from? The natural erosion of soil, sand and rock is the most common source of dust.
Dust particles Dust particles vary in size from visible to invisible. How does dust affect your health? Dust particles small enough to be inhaled may lead to: irritation of the eyes coughing sneezing hay fever asthma attacks. Who is at risk of the health effects of dust? It is necessary to implement an appropriate methodology for sampling and quantification of air pollution particles present in insects. The CAFs retained PM and coarse particles of different origin which could be determined and analyzed.
We mainly found particles of biological origin and agglomerates of heterogeneous composition. The origin of these particles was linked to the different topographic, climatologic, demographic, economic and ecological characteristics of the city. The particles found in Mexico City were mostly agglomerates; these agglomerates could vary in size between 1 and 74 microns.
Analyzing PM agglomerates is a complex task since the structure of these particles seems to reconfigure randomly and actively by disintegration and reintegration. One of the most interesting aspects of this study was to verify that the impaction test turned out to be an efficient and one of the very few approaches to analyze in more detail PM agglomerates composition and their probable dynamic when hitting CAFs surface.
It was determined an abundant presence of Si and traces of less common metals such as Pt and W. It was verified that these agglomerates were made up of smaller particles by a fragmentation experiment and analysis of the dissociated fractions.
This fragmentation and formation of agglomerates, possibly occurs frequently in the fluctuating air of megalopolis like Mexico City, nevertheless, future studies are required to support this hypothesis.
We demonstrated a characteristic morphology of soot for some agglomerates and they had mainly organic composition. In turn, it was verified that the agglomerates can adhere to pollen or other biological tissues such as insects. Among the particles of plant origin, in addition to leaves and stem fragments, varied forms of pollen grains were found. The insects found in CAFs accumulate both agglomerates and fine particles in their tissues; the study through SEM—EDX showed that the fine particles adhere to the omatides and practically covering the entire surface of the ocular apparatus of flying insects.
A more complete study is necessary to determine the particle-insect dynamics and the effects of air pollution on their health to reinforce their role as indicators of the air quality in cities and other environments. Our characterization and composition analysis validates the possibility of estimating air quality by CAFs sampling. We demonstrated that using CAFs from vehicles with a known route within a metropolitan zone provide general information about air of a city.
Each CAF cover a wide area and will definitively sample pollutants that humans are exposed to. Measurements are related to a particular period of the year since CAFs have determinate lifetime. Although the analysis is not performed in real time, several adaptations could be used to evaluate air in shorter periods.
Our results indicate that a pilot evaluation of urban air quality by CAFs is feasible and relevant. A CAF based assessment is potentially more representative, simpler and cheaper than isolated in situ sampling methodologies.
Nevertheless, further investigations could focus particularly on some of the characterized parameters. Other analytical techniques can be considered in order to simplify and target the identification of interesting PM such as hazardous pollutants. Int J Salt Lake Res — Article Google Scholar. J Med Toxicol 8 2 — Andreae MO Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols. Science — Environ Pollut 99 3 — Atmos Environ — Environ Res — Sci Rep 1 4 Google Scholar.
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Springer, New York, pp — In: APTI course , atmospheric sampling — J Public Health Emerg Download references. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from automotive agencies of Mexico City, Mexico, by donation of the filters used in this research.
Departamento de Biologia. Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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